Thursday, May 31, 2012
The Strangeness of God
What is more strange than God? What is more strange than the one who defies all expectations, and crosses all boundaries? When God reveals himself, it is almost always in something that is provocative, strange, frightening even. When Jakob met God, it was in a mad wrestling match. When Moses met God, it was in an impossible flame that burns but doesn't consume. When the prophet Eliah met God, he first encountered an earthquake, then a storm, and then found God's presence in the soft breeze that followed. When the prophet Ezekiel met God, it was in a blazing inferno held aloft by angels who looked like rings within rings, covered with eyes. When St. Peter met God, it was in the broken and bleeding body of Jesus Christ.
The strangeness of God is challenging, it is provoking, it shatters expectations, it doesn't conform to patterns which we are used to, it is transforming and revealing and it is also true. The wisdom of God looks like foolishness for those of the world, but when challanged by that strangeness and that foolishness reveals something within us, something about who we truly are. Who are you, my God? Who am I?
The Kingdom of God is not of this world, and it shows.
Sunday, May 27, 2012
Kristendomens nya ansikte
This is an article that I wrote on the changing demographics of Christianity. It is in Swedish... So, use google translate or something, if you're really that interested. Pax et bonum!
Kristendomens
kulturella hemvist kommer inte att vara Europa och Nordamerika om det
geografiska och demografiska skiftet från det globala nord till det
globala syd fortsätter. Det menar religionshistorikern Philip
Jenkins
The
Faith is Europe and Europe is the faith, tron är Europa och
Europa är tron, sa den romersk-katolske poeten Hilaire Belloc. Detta
orakel från den obrutet nitiske Belloc är både ett teologiskt som
kulturellt uttalande om kristendomens historiskt sett täta anknytning med europeisk och västerländsk kultur. Den europeiska konsten,
filosofien och politik är omöjlig att separeras från den kristna
tron som genomsyrat kontinenten i tusende år. Det går inte att tala
om Europeisk kultur utan kristendom. Frågan är om det motsatta
gäller.
Kristendomen,
med sitt tilltal om evigt liv som uppstår ur död och en medkännande
Gud, verkar födas på nytt i mötet med nya kulturer. En allt
större del av troende kristna koncentreras i Afrika, Latinamerika
och Asien, och de sydliga kyrkorna växer och florerar med en styrka
som motsäger alla tankar på religiös kolonialism. Philip Jenkins,
religionshistoriker vid Pennsylvania State University har spenderat
en stor del av sin akademiska gärning med att kartlägga
kristendomens geografiska, demografiska och kulturella metamorfos.
Ett av hans främsta bidrag till ämnet är hans verk The Next
Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity där
han med klarhet redogör hur kristendomens hjärta flyttar söderut.
Det är ej heller en framtida händelse som vi blott kan skönja vid
horisonten. Det har redan hänt.
Jenkins
har kartlagt kristendomens demografiska förflyttning i modern tid,
och konstaterar att de senaste hundra åren har inneburit att de
största delarna av kristendomen ligger utanför Europa och
Nordamerika. Av de 558 miljoner kristna i världen vid år 1900, så
var 450 miljoner av dem bosatta i Europa och Nordamerika. Vid år
2010 så var det, av 3,188 miljoner kristna, endast 863 som var
européer eller nordamerikaner, en gedigen majoritet av kristna bor
alltså i den övriga världen, i Afrika, Asien och Latinamerika.1
När kolonialmakternas grepp om världen vittrade bort förväntades
de kyrkor som som slagit rot i de forna koloniernas territorier gå
samma öde till mötes, men istället så upplevde de en
explosionsartad tillväxt, som i många fall har fortsatt in i modern
tid. Det är tydligt att en genomsnittlig kristen inte är en
välmående vit medelålders man i Rom, utan snarare en utfattig
svart ung kvinna i Kinshasa.
Vilken
sanningshalt finns det då att tala om kristendomen som sammanflätad
med västerländsk kultur? Inte så mycket, då Jenkins menar att den
kristendom som framträder i mötet med kulturerna i Afrika och Asien
är en ny sorts kristendom, som skiljer sig från den traditionella
uppdelningen av kristendomen i en västlig tradition bestående av de
romersk-katolska och protestantiska kyrkorna, och en östlig
tradition bestående av de östliga och orientaliska ortodoxa
kyrkorna.2
Denna ”tredje kyrka” i den tredje världen representerar en
kristen tradition i vår tid som är av lika stor vikt, om inte
större, som de historiska traditionerna.
Det
skifte som sker inom kristendomen, där dess hjärta flyttas från
Europa till det globala syd, har en klar parallell till dess första
fyra århundraden, då kristendomens hjärta på ett självklart sett
var i Främre orienten, i Syrien, Nordafrika och Mesopotamien.
Jenkins målar upp en bild där några högvördiga biskopar samlas i
ett av kristendomens högsäten, Damaskus, för att höra om hur
kyrkan ter sig i det fjärran barbariets Europa. Efter förundring
över kyrkans starka framväxt bland germanerna så frågar
biskoparna ivrigt ”Denna nya kristendom, är den av den
Alexandrinska eller Antiokianska traditionen? Är den ikonoklastisk?
Är den monotheletisk eller diatheletisk?”. Budbäraren måste då
säga att ingen av dessa frågor är aktuell i den Europeiska kyrkan,
utan det religiösa livet tar sig helt nya former.3
De högvördiga är såklart fullkomligt förskräckta över detta.
På samma sätt som en germansk kristen på 400-talet
inte brydde sig om ikonoklasm eller visste vad monotheleism var, så
är inte den globala kristendomen i syd en spegelbild av de
euro-amerikanska kyrkorna Kampen mellan liberaler och konservativa i
sociala och sexuella frågor som utmärker kristendomen i norr är
inte aktuell i söder. Den kommande kristendomen kommer kanske inte
föra en befrielseteologisk kamp som vissa teologer skulle önska. De
kommer kanske inte heller nå upp till de konservativa evangelikala
samfundens förväntan i trosfrågor. Den kommer med allra största
säkerhet fortsätta vara traditionalistisk med stark tro på det
övernaturligas roll i det vardagliga livet. Den är något nytt, men
igenkännbart och uråldrigt.
Det
är ännu osäkert vilken roll den kommande kristendomen kommer att
spela i det världspolitiska spelet. Jenkins påpekar, inte utan viss
oro, hur mötet med en växande kristendom och en växande islam i
Afrikas bräckliga hjärta verkar ofrånkomlig. I motsatts till
sekularismens profeter så pekar dessa massiva demografiska skiften,
som sker i de mest instabila och krigshärjade delarna av världen,
på att de stora konfliktlinjerna i framtiden kommer att dras inte
mellan de som har och inte har, inte mellan politiska ideologier,
utan mellan rivaliserande trossatser som kämpar om konvertiter.4
Vägarna
ligger fortfarande öppna för den kommande kristendomen. Det
paradigmskifte som nu sker, där kristendomen förlöses från rollen
som en falang av den europeiska kulturen till att vara en ännu
bredare mångkulturell religion, är kanske lika stor som när
kristendomen som i ett trollslag gick från förtryck och förföljelse
till statsreligion i Romarriket. Vi återgår till Bellocs storslagna
uttlande. Är Europa tron? Nej, för om kristendomen har något
högsäte så är det inte i Rom eller Chartres, utan i Braziliens
favelas och Sydafrikas kåkstäder.
1Jenkins,
Philip. The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity.
Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011. s. 3
2Jenkins,
s.5
3Jenkins,
s. 19
4Jenkins,
s. 201
Monday, May 14, 2012
References to Jesus outside of the Bible
Here's just a quick summation of historical references to Jesus outside of the Bible.
First and foremost I wish to stress that the New Testament is a historically reliable collection of documents, and that it in itself testifies of the existance of Jesus, and is the most corroborated piece of ancient history that we have. In the NT we have contemporary history (which is vastly more than other historical figures at that time).
However, even if we ignore the (compelling) relevance of the NT we still have non-Christians writing about Christians as early as the beginning of the second century. Graeco-roman historians such as Pliny the Younger, Suetonius and Tacitus all reference Jesus. These historians lived mostly from around the year 50 AD to the early second century. The most interesting of these is Suitonius for his acerbic attack on Christians, which I find amusing enough to post in full:
"Nero fastened the guilt of starting the blaze and inflicted the most exquisite torture on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians [Chrestians] by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular" (Tacitus, Annals 15.44)
Then there is Josephus who wrote an account of Jesus in his Histories. Of course, most of it is an obvious fabrication, but I am convinced that he had an original reference to Jesus in in the original document that was altered by over-zealous Christians. Also, a citation from Julius Africanus of a Greek historian called Thallus, who describes the darkness as it ocurred at the crucifixion that mesh well together chronologically with the same account in the NT. And then, after taking into account that Jesus and his followers were far-off and politically unimportant in the grand scheme of the Empire, and that many documents from that time have, in one way or another, been unavailable to us we realise that Jesus is well documented.
In the end, the idea that we don't have any viable historical records of Jesus is void, since the New Testament is historically reliable, and that there is plenty of references to Jesus and early Christians outside of the Bible.
First and foremost I wish to stress that the New Testament is a historically reliable collection of documents, and that it in itself testifies of the existance of Jesus, and is the most corroborated piece of ancient history that we have. In the NT we have contemporary history (which is vastly more than other historical figures at that time).
However, even if we ignore the (compelling) relevance of the NT we still have non-Christians writing about Christians as early as the beginning of the second century. Graeco-roman historians such as Pliny the Younger, Suetonius and Tacitus all reference Jesus. These historians lived mostly from around the year 50 AD to the early second century. The most interesting of these is Suitonius for his acerbic attack on Christians, which I find amusing enough to post in full:
"Nero fastened the guilt of starting the blaze and inflicted the most exquisite torture on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians [Chrestians] by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular" (Tacitus, Annals 15.44)
Then there is Josephus who wrote an account of Jesus in his Histories. Of course, most of it is an obvious fabrication, but I am convinced that he had an original reference to Jesus in in the original document that was altered by over-zealous Christians. Also, a citation from Julius Africanus of a Greek historian called Thallus, who describes the darkness as it ocurred at the crucifixion that mesh well together chronologically with the same account in the NT. And then, after taking into account that Jesus and his followers were far-off and politically unimportant in the grand scheme of the Empire, and that many documents from that time have, in one way or another, been unavailable to us we realise that Jesus is well documented.
In the end, the idea that we don't have any viable historical records of Jesus is void, since the New Testament is historically reliable, and that there is plenty of references to Jesus and early Christians outside of the Bible.
Wednesday, May 9, 2012
History vs Poetry: Let's talk about genre.
I think that for people unaccustomed to the Biblical text, there is a lack of understanding for the varying genres that are found in the Bible. A common charge from critics of religion is that believers are just picking and choosing what to believe in the Bible by saying that the creation narratives in the Book of Genesis is poetic in nature, while the Gospels are historical accounts. I would say that such a position is not picking and choosing at all, it is simply a sound and literary-minded evaluation of the texts in questions. So, let's talk about about genre.
It is clear that, for example, the authors of the Books of Chronicles were trying to write historical works, and depicts historical events as the israelite authors understood them. You can't take the entirety of the Bible and say it's either "pure metaphor" or purely literal. It's like saying that the historical drama like Pearl Harbour is either pure metaphor or literally an account of what happened historically. You have to take the different books on their own terms, but that actually demands that you read them and use proper literary criticism, and I guess that's too much work for every Tom, Dick and Harry with an opinion.
Intent in authorship and style are both good indicators to what genre a text is.
9 In the twentieth year of Jeroboam king of Israel, Asa became king of Judah, 10 and he reigned in Jerusalem forty-one years. His grandmother’s name was Maakah daughter of Abishalom.
11 Asa did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, as his father David had done. 12 He expelled the male shrine prostitutes from the land and got rid of all the idols his ancestors had made. 13 He even deposed his grandmother Maakah from her position as queen mother, because she had made a repulsive image for the worship of Asherah. Asa cut it down and burned it in the Kidron Valley. 14 Although he did not remove the high places, Asa’s heart was fully committed to the LORD all his life. 15 He brought into the temple of the LORD the silver and gold and the articles that he and his father had dedicated.
16 There was war between Asa and Baasha king of Israel throughout their reigns. 17 Baasha king of Israel went up against Judah and fortified Ramah to prevent anyone from leaving or entering the territory of Asa king of Judah. (1 Kings 15:9-16
This is a historical text, because the intent of the author seems to be to actually tell what happened in the reign of King Jerobeam of Israel and King Asa of Judah, there are also theological motivation which makes things complicated, of course, but you will have to be hard pressed if you wish to say that this text is not a historical document. However, just because it's a historical document does not mean that it is factually correct, the author could for example be wrong, just like the authors of texts about Julius Ceaser or Charlemagne. That does not mean that it is not a historical document, or that it's metaphor all of a sudden, it simply means that it's a historical document that is partly erronous.
1 Praise the LORD, all you nations;
extol him, all you peoples.
2 For great is his love toward us,
and the faithfulness of the LORD endures forever.
Praise the LORD.[a] (Psalm 117)
This is a hymn. It is so because it's part of a collection of similar poems, often with titles like "A song". It has poetic metre and express emotions. Of course, in the books of the Bible it is not always so clear cut that a certain passage is a historical chronicle or a poem, most often because there are many more literary genres than chronicles and poems, there are also prophecies, books of wisdom, proverbs, hagiographies and sermons. These also often overlap. I'm definately not saying it is simple to do literary criticism in the Bible, but the opposite. It's complicated and often ambigous, but that does not mean that we can discuss it. But we must realise that trying to analyse the Bible outside of the context of faith is often vain and meaningless. When speaking of the Bible we first and foremost must recognise its theological nature. Even after that, our academic squabbles are rarely meaningful even in that respect and all our words, no matter how clever or entertaining, will melt away in an instance before the compassion and the presence that is the faith in the hearts of believers.
It is clear that, for example, the authors of the Books of Chronicles were trying to write historical works, and depicts historical events as the israelite authors understood them. You can't take the entirety of the Bible and say it's either "pure metaphor" or purely literal. It's like saying that the historical drama like Pearl Harbour is either pure metaphor or literally an account of what happened historically. You have to take the different books on their own terms, but that actually demands that you read them and use proper literary criticism, and I guess that's too much work for every Tom, Dick and Harry with an opinion.
Intent in authorship and style are both good indicators to what genre a text is.
9 In the twentieth year of Jeroboam king of Israel, Asa became king of Judah, 10 and he reigned in Jerusalem forty-one years. His grandmother’s name was Maakah daughter of Abishalom.
11 Asa did what was right in the eyes of the LORD, as his father David had done. 12 He expelled the male shrine prostitutes from the land and got rid of all the idols his ancestors had made. 13 He even deposed his grandmother Maakah from her position as queen mother, because she had made a repulsive image for the worship of Asherah. Asa cut it down and burned it in the Kidron Valley. 14 Although he did not remove the high places, Asa’s heart was fully committed to the LORD all his life. 15 He brought into the temple of the LORD the silver and gold and the articles that he and his father had dedicated.
16 There was war between Asa and Baasha king of Israel throughout their reigns. 17 Baasha king of Israel went up against Judah and fortified Ramah to prevent anyone from leaving or entering the territory of Asa king of Judah. (1 Kings 15:9-16
This is a historical text, because the intent of the author seems to be to actually tell what happened in the reign of King Jerobeam of Israel and King Asa of Judah, there are also theological motivation which makes things complicated, of course, but you will have to be hard pressed if you wish to say that this text is not a historical document. However, just because it's a historical document does not mean that it is factually correct, the author could for example be wrong, just like the authors of texts about Julius Ceaser or Charlemagne. That does not mean that it is not a historical document, or that it's metaphor all of a sudden, it simply means that it's a historical document that is partly erronous.
1 Praise the LORD, all you nations;
extol him, all you peoples.
2 For great is his love toward us,
and the faithfulness of the LORD endures forever.
Praise the LORD.[a] (Psalm 117)
This is a hymn. It is so because it's part of a collection of similar poems, often with titles like "A song". It has poetic metre and express emotions. Of course, in the books of the Bible it is not always so clear cut that a certain passage is a historical chronicle or a poem, most often because there are many more literary genres than chronicles and poems, there are also prophecies, books of wisdom, proverbs, hagiographies and sermons. These also often overlap. I'm definately not saying it is simple to do literary criticism in the Bible, but the opposite. It's complicated and often ambigous, but that does not mean that we can discuss it. But we must realise that trying to analyse the Bible outside of the context of faith is often vain and meaningless. When speaking of the Bible we first and foremost must recognise its theological nature. Even after that, our academic squabbles are rarely meaningful even in that respect and all our words, no matter how clever or entertaining, will melt away in an instance before the compassion and the presence that is the faith in the hearts of believers.
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